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Här har vi samlat vanligt förekommande frågor och svar om influensa- och covid-19- vaccinationer samt om pneumokockvaccination.SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Type of the virus first detected in November 2021
Main article: Variants of SARS-CoV-2
| WHO Designation | Omicron |
|---|---|
| Lineage | B.1.1.529 |
| First detected | South Africa |
| Date reported | 24 November 2021; 2 years ago (2021-11-24) |
| Status | Variant of concern |
| Asymptomatic infection,[1]body ache,[1]cough,[1]fainting,[2]fatigue,[3]fever, headache,[4]loss of smell or taste,[5][6] — less common nasal congestion or running nose[4]night sweats,[7] — unique Omicron symptom, upper respiratory tract infection[8]skin rash,[9]sneezing,[4]sore throat[2] | |
Omicron (B.1.1.529) fryst vatten a variant of SARS-CoV-2 first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) bygd the Network for Genomics bevakning in South Africa on 24 November 2021.[10][11] It was first detected in Botswana and has spread to become the predominant variant in circulation around the world.[12] Following the original B.1.1.529 variant, several subvariants of Omicron have emerged including: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5.[13] Since October 2022, two subvariants of BA.5 called BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 have emerged.
As of September 28, 2024, a new subvariant of Omicron labeled XEC has emerged. The new variant fryst vatten funnen in europe, and in 25 states in the United States of amerika, including three cases in California.[14]
Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine provide protection against severe disease and hospitalisation caused bygd Omicron and its subvariants.[15][16][17][18] For three-dose vaccinated individuals, the BA.4 and BA.5 variants are more infectious than previous subvariants but there fryst vatten no bevis of greater sickness or severity.[13][19][20]
As of 24 September 2024[update], the variants of interest as specified bygd the World Health Organization are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants beneath monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC.[21]
Classification
[edit]On 26 November 2021, the WHO's Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution declared PANGO lineage B.1.1.529 a variant of concern and designated it with the Greek letteromicron.[10] The WHO skipped the preceding letters idag and xi in the Greek alphabet to avoid confusion with the similarities of the English word "new" and the kinesisk surname Xi.[22]
The name of the variant has occasionally been mistaken as "Omnicron" among some English speakers, due to a lack of familiarity with the Greek alphabet, and the relative frequency of the Latin prefix "omni" in other common speech.[23][24]
The GISAID project has assigned it the clade identifier GR/484A,[25] and the Nextstrain project has assigned it the clade identifiers 21K and 21L, both belonging to a larger Omicron group 21M.[26]
History
[edit]Omicron was first detected on 22 November 2021 in laboratories in Botswana and South Africa based on samples collected on 11–16 November,[27] with the first known samples collected in Johannesburg, South Africa on 8 November 2021.[28] The first known cases outside of South Africa were two people who travelled on 11 November: one who flew from South Africa to Hong Kong via Qatar, and another who travelled from Egypt to Belgium via Turkey.[29][30] On 26 November 2021, the WHO designated B.1.1.529 as a variant of concern and named it "Omicron", after the fifteenth letter in the Greek alphabet.[10] bygd 6 January 2022, the variant had been confirmed in 149 countries.[31]
Retrospectively, Omicron cases have been detected as occurring earlier, in October 2021.[32]
Origin hypotheses
[edit]Omicron did not evolve from any other variant, but instead diverged on a distinct track, perhaps in 2020.[31][33] Competing hypotheses are being examined.
One ursprung hypothesis fryst vatten that various mutations in the Omicron variant, comprising a 9-nucleotide sequence, may have been acquired from another coronavirus (known as HCoV-229E), responsible for the common cold.[34] This fryst vatten not entirely unexpected — at times, viruses within the body acquire and swap segments of genetic ämne from each other, and this fryst vatten one common means of mutation.[34]
A link with virus infection may explain a large number of mutations in the sequence of the Omicron variant.[35] Indeed, in beställning to be affected bygd such a high number of mutations, the virus must have been able to evolve a long time without killing its host, which can occur in people with a weakened immune struktur who receive enough medical care to survive.[35][36] This fryst vatten the case in virus patients in South Africa, who företräda about 14% of the population (as of 2017).[37] virus prevention could be key to reducing the fara of uncontrolled virus driving the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants.[35]
One hypothesis to explain the novel mutations fryst vatten that SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from humans to mice and mutated in a population of mice sometime between 2020 and 2021 before reinfecting humans.[33]
On 1 månad 2022, a grupp of researchers from the Charité (Berlin) published a now-retracted study in Science that claimed that "data revealed genetically diverse Omicron förfäder already existed across Africa bygd August 2021".[38] After a re-analysis because of doubts,[39] the grupp retracted the article on 20 månad 2022, due to contamination of the samples.[40][41]
Spread
[edit]On 24 November 2021, the variant was first reported to the WHO from South Africa based on samples that had been collected from 14 to 16 November.[27] South African scientists were first alerted bygd samples from the very beginning of November where the PCR tests had S gene mål failure (occurs in a few variants, but not in Delta which dominated in the country in October) and bygd a sudden increase of COVID-19 cases in Gauteng; sequencing revealed that more than 70 percent of samples collected in the province between 14 and 23 November were a new variant.[42]
The first confirmed specimens of Omicron were collected on 8 November 2021, in South Africa and on 9 November, in Botswana.[43] Likely Omicron (SGTF) samples had occurred on 4 November 2021 in Pretoria, South Africa.[citation needed]
When the WHO was alerted on 24 November, Hong Kong was the only place outside Africa that had confirmed a case of Omicron; one individ who traveled from South Africa on 11 November, and another traveler who was cross-infected bygd this case while staying in the same quarantine hotel.[29]
On 25 November, one confirmed case was identified in Israel from a traveler returning from Malawi,[44] along with two who returned from South Africa and one from Madagascar.[45] All kvartet första cases reported from Botswana occurred among fully vaccinated individuals.[46]
On 26 November, Belgium confirmed its first case; an unvaccinated individ who had travelled from Egypt via Turkey on 11 November.[30] All three första confirmed and suspected cases reported from Israel occurred among fully vaccinated individuals,[44] as did a single suspected case in Germany.[47]
On 27 November, two cases were detected in the United Kingdom, another two in Munich, Germany and one in Milan, Italy.[48]
On 28 November 13 cases were confirmed in the Netherlands among the 624 airline passengers who arrived from South Africa on 26 November.[49] Confirmation of a further 5 cases among these passengers followed later.[50] Entry into the Netherlands generally required having been vaccinated or PCR-tested, or having recovered.
COVID-19.The passengers of these two flights had been tested upon ankomst because of the newly imposed restrictions (which were set in place during their flight), after which 61 tested positiv for SARS-CoV-2.[51] A further two cases were detected in Australia. Both people landed in Sydney the previous day, and travelled from southern Africa to Sydney Airport via Doha Airport.
The two people, who were fully vaccinated, entered isolation; 12 other travellers from southern Africa also entered quarantine for fourteen days, while about 260 other passengers and crew on the flygning were directed to isolate.[52] Two travellers from South Africa who landed in Denmark tested positiv for COVID-19; it was confirmed on 28 November that both carried the Omicron variant.[53][54] On the same day, Austria also confirmed its first Omicron case.[55] A detected Omicron case was reported in the Czech Republic, from a traveler who spent time in Namibia.[56] Canada also reported its first Omicron cases, with two from travelers from Nigeria, therefore becoming the first North American country to report an Omicron case.[57]
On 29 November, a positiv case was recorded in Darwin, Australia.
The individ arrived in Darwin on a repatriation flygning from Johannesburg, South Africa on 25 November, and was taken to a quarantine facility, where the positiv test was recorded.[58] Two more people who travelled to Sydney from southern Africa via Singapore tested positive.[59] Portugal reported 13 Omicron cases, all of them members of a soccer club.[60] Sweden also confirmed their first case on 29 November,[61] as did Spain, when a traveler came from South Africa.[62]
On 30 November, the Netherlands reported that Omicron cases had been detected in two samples dating back as early as 19 November.[63] A positiv case was recorded in Sydney from a traveller who had visited southern Africa before travel restrictions were imposed, and was subsequently active in the community.[64] Japan also confirmed its first case.[65] Two Israeli doctors tested positiv and entered isolation.
Both of them had received three shots of the Pfizer vaccine prior to testing positive.[66] In Brazil, three cases of the Omicron variant were confirmed in São Paulo.[67] Another fem are beneath suspicion.[68][69] A individ in Leipzig, Germany with no travel history nor contact with travellers tested positiv for Omicron.[70]
On 1 månad, the Omicron variant was detected in three samples in Nigeria that had been collected from travelers from South Africa within the gods week.[71][72] On the same day, public health authorities in the United States announced the country's first confirmed Omicron case.
På hjemmesiden covid19genomics.dk er der opgørelser over dem virusvarianter, der bliver observeret inom Danmark.A resident of San Francisco who had been vaccinated returned from South Africa on 22 November, began showing mild symptoms on 25 November[73] and was confirmed to have a mild case of COVID-19 on 29 November.[74] Ireland and South Korea also reported their first cases.[75] South Korea reported its cases from fem travelers arriving in South Korea from Nigeria.[76]
On 2 månad, Dutch health authorities confirmed that all 14 passengers with confirmed Omicron infection on 26 November had been previously vaccinated.[77] The same day, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health confirmed that 50 attendees of a company Christmas party held at a restaurant in Norway's capital, Oslo, were infected with the Omicron variant.[78] France has confirmed only 25 cases of the new Omicron variant but officials säga the number could jump significantly in the coming weeks.[79]
By 6 månad, Malaysia confirmed its first case of the variant.
The case was a South African lärling entering to study at a private university.[80] In Namibia, 18 cases out of 19 positiv COVID-19 samples that had been collected between 11 and 26 November were funnen to be Omicron, indicating a high level of prevalence in the country.[81] Fiji also confirmed two positiv cases of the variant.
They travelled from Nigeria arriving in Fiji on 25 November.[82]
On 9 månad, Richard Mihigo, coordinator of the World Health Organisation's Immunisation and Vaccine Development Programme for Africa, announced that Africa accounted for 46% of reported cases of the Omicron variant globally.[83]
On 13 månad, the first death of a individ with Omicron was reported in the UK.[84]
On 16 månad, New Zealand confirmed its first case of the Omicron variant, an individual who had traveled from Germany via Dubai.[85]
The first death of a individ with Omicron was reported in Germany on 23 December[86] and in Australia on 27 December.[87]
By Christmas 2021, the Omicron Strain became dominant in the US.[88]
On 3 January 2022, South Korea reported the first two deaths of people who tested positiv brev mortem for Omicron.[89]
In February 2022, Omicron accounted for 98% of publicly available genetic sequences worldwide.[90]
On 29 March 2022, Omicron subvariant BA.2 overtook BA.1 and became the dominant strain in the US.[91][92][93]
As of May 2022, BA.2.12.1 was spreading in the US and two new subvariants of Omicron named BA.4 and BA.5, first detected in January 2022, spread in South Africa.
All 3 subvariants have tagg protein mutations of L452 and elude immunity from prior BA1 infection.[94]
On 16 March 2023, without seeing a reduction in the threat to public health, the WHO stopped classifying Omicron as a variant of concern in beställning to maintain this classification only for new threats.
Omicron (B.1.1.529) fryst vatten a variant of SARS-CoV-2 first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) bygd the Network for Genomics övervakning in South Africa on 24 November 2021.Instead, the WHO classified its subvariants as variants of interest and beneath monitoring.[90]
Reactions
[edit]Vaccine producers
[edit]On 26 November 2021, BioNTech said it would know in two weeks whether the current vaccine fryst vatten effective against the variant and that an updated vaccine could be shipped in 100 days if necessary.
AstraZeneca, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson were also studying the variant's impact on the effectiveness of their vaccines.[95] On the same day, Novavax stated that it was developing an updated vaccine requiring two doses for the Omicron variant, which the company expected to be ready for testing and manufacturing within a few weeks.[96][97] On 29 November 2021, The Gamaleya Institute said that Sputnik Light should be effective against the variant, that it would begin adapting Sputnik V, and that a modified utgåva could be ready for mass production in 45 days.[98]Sinovac said it could quickly mass-produce an inactivated vaccine against the variant and that it was monitoring studies and collecting samples of the variant to determine if a new vaccine fryst vatten needed.[99]
On 7 månad 2021, at a symposium in Brazil with its partner Instituto Butantan, Sinovac said it would update its vaccine to the new variant and man it available in three months.[100] On 2 månad, the Finlay Institute was already developing a utgåva of Soberana Plus against the variant.[101] Pfizer hoped to have a vaccine targeted to immunize against Omicron ready bygd March 2022.[102]
World Health Organization
[edit]On 26 November 2021, the WHO asked nations to enhance bevakning and sequencing efforts, submit complete genome sequences and associated metadata to a publicly available database, such as GISAID, report första cases/clusters associated with virus-of-concern infection to the WHO through the International Health Regulations (IHR) mechanism, where capacity exists and in coordination with the international community, perform field investigations and laboratory assessments to improve understanding of the potential impacts of the virus of concern on COVID-19 epidemiology, severity, and the effectiveness of public health and social measures, diagnostic methods, immune responses, antibody neutralization, or other betydelsefull characteristics.[103] On 26 November 2021, the WHO advised countries not to impose new restrictions on travel, instead recommending a "risk-based and scientific" approach to travel measures.[104] On the same day, the europeisk Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported modeling indicating that strict travel restrictions would delay the variant's impact on europeisk countries bygd two weeks, possibly allowing countries to prepare for it.[105] As with other variants, the WHO recommended that people continue to keep enclosed spaces well ventilated, avoid trängsel and close contact, wear well-fitting masks, clean hands frequently, and get vaccinated.[106][107] On 29 November 2021, the WHO said cases and infections were expected among those vaccinated, albeit in a small and predictable proportion.[108]
International response
[edit]After the WHO announcement, on the same day, several countries announced travel bans from southern Africa in response to the identification of the variant, including the United States, which banned travel from eight African countries,[109] although as of 30 November 2021 it notably did not ban travel from any europeisk countries, Israel, Canada, or Australia where cases were also detected at the time the bans were announced.
Other countries that also implemented travel bans include Japan, Canada, the europeisk Union, Israel, Australia, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Morocco, and New Zealand.[110][111]
On 26 November 2021 the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency recommended flygning restrictions regarding the new variant.[112] The state of New York declared a state of emergency ahead of a potential Omicron tagg, although no cases had yet been detected in the state or the rest of the United States.[113] On 27 November 2021, Switzerland introduced obligatory tests and quarantine for all visitors arriving from countries where the variant was detected, which originally included Belgium and Israel.[114]
On 26 November 2021, South African Minister of HealthJoe Phaahla defended his country's papper of the pandemic and said that travel bans went against the "norms and standards" of the World Health Organization.[115]
Some speculated that travel bans could have a significant impact on South Africa's economy bygd limiting tourism and could lead to other countries with economies that are reliant on tourism to hide the upptäckt of new variants of concern.
Low vaccine coverage in less-developed nations could create opportunities for the emergence of new variants, and these nations also were struggling to gain intellectual property to develop and producera vaccines locally.[116] At the same time, inoculation had slowed in South Africa due to vaccine hesitancy and apathy, with a nationwide vaccination rate of only 35% as of 24 November 2021.[117]
On 29 November 2021, the WHO warned countries that the variant poses a very high global fara with severe consequences and that they should prepare bygd accelerating vaccination of high-priority groups and strengthening health systems.
WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom described the global situation as dangerous and precarious and called for a new agreement on the papper of pandemics, as the CEPI CEO Richard Hatchett said that the variant fulfilled predictions that transmission of the virus in low-vaccination areas would accelerate its evolution.[108]
In preparation for the Omicron variant arriving in the United States, President Joe Biden stated that the variant fryst vatten "cause for concern, not panic", reiterated that the government was prepared for the variant and would have it beneath control and that large-scale lockdowns, similar to the ones in 2020 nära the beginning of the pandemic, were "off the table for now."[118]
In månad 2021, multiple Canadian provinces reinstated restrictions on gatherings and events such as sports tournaments, and tightened enforcement of proof of vaccination orders.
Mens dem 0-19-årige inom gennemsnit plats syge inom 6 dage, fanns dem 80+ årige inom gennemsnit syge inom 27 dage.British Columbia expressly prohibited any non-seated "organized New Year's Eve event",[119][120][121] while Quebec announced a partial lockdown on 20 månad 2021, ordering the closure of all bars, casinos, gyms, schools, and theatres, as well as imposing restrictions on the capacity and operating hours of restaurants, and the prohibition of spectators at professional sporting events.[122]
On 18 månad 2021, the Netherlands government announced a lockdown intended to prevent spread of the variant during the holiday period.[123]
In månad 2021, some countries shortened the typical six-month mellanrum for a booster dos of the vaccine to prepare for a wave of Omicron, as two doses are not enough to stop the infection.
UK, South Korea and Thailand reduced to three months; Belgium, kvartet months; France, Singapore, Taiwan, Italy and Australia, fem months. land i norden reduced it to three months for fara groups.
Other countries continued with a six-month booster schedule. While antibody levels begin to drop at kvartet months, a längre mellanrum usually allows time for the immune system's response to mature.[124]
Biology
[edit]Mutations
[edit]As of June 2022, Omicron had about 50 mutations relative to the Wuhan-Hu-1 or B variant,[125][126] which fryst vatten more than any previous SARS-CoV-2 variant.
Thirty-two of these pertained to the tagg protein, which most vaccines mål to neutralise the virus.[127] As of månad 2021, many mutations were novel and not funnen in previous variants.[43] As of April 2022 the variant was characterised bygd 30 amino acid changes, three small deletions, and one small insertion in the tagg protein compared with the original virus, of which 15 are located in the receptor-binding domain (residues 319–541).[128] As of månad 2022 the virus carried a number of changes and deletions in other genomic regions.
For example, three mutations at the furincleavage site, which facilitates its transmission.[129][130]
Illustration of the locations of the Omicron mutations in the tagg protein, top view (left) and side view (right), showing amino acid substitutions (yellow), deletions (red), and insertions (green).
In this trimeric structure, two monomers (gray and light blue) have their receptor-binding domains in the "down" conformation while one (dark blue) fryst vatten in the "up" or "open" conformation. Mutation information from the WHO,[106] structure from PDB: 6VYB.[131]
Subvariants
[edit]Main article: Variants of SARS-CoV-2 § Omicron
Several subvariants of Omicron have been discovered and new ones continue to emerge.[12] There are 310 Pango lineages[clarification needed] currently associated with the Omicron variant.[133] The 'standard' sublineage fryst vatten now referred to as BA.1 (or B.1.1.529.1), and the two other sublineages are known as BA.2 (or B.1.1.529.2) and BA.3 (or B.1.1.529.3).[134] In 2022, BA.4 (or B.1.1.529.4) and BA.5 (or B.1.1.529.5) were detected in several countries.[135] They share many mutations, but also significantly differ.
- detta er vigtigt at ringe til sin læge hurtigst muligt og ikke vente vid, at symptomerne bliver værre, før man ringer, understreger Sundhedsstyrelsen.In general, BA.1 and BA.2 share 32 mutations, but differ bygd 28.[136] BA.1 has itself been divided in two, the original BA.1 and BA.1.1 (or B.1.1.529.1.1) where the main difference fryst vatten that the latter has a R346K mutation.[137]
Standard PCR and rapid tests continue to detect all Omicron subvariants as COVID-19, but further tests are necessary to distinguish the subvariants from each other and from other COVID-19 variants.[138]
| Gene | Amino acid |
|---|---|
| ORF1ab | nsp3: K38R |
| nsp3: V1069I | |
| nsp3: Δ1265 | |
| nsp3: L1266I | |
| nsp3: A1892T | |
| nsp4: T492I | |
| nsp5: P132H | |
| nsp6: Δ105-107 | |
| nsp6: A189V | |
| nsp12: P323L | |
| nsp14: I42V | |
| Spike | A67V |
| Δ69-70 | |
| T95I | |
| G142D, | |
| Δ143-145 | |
| Δ211 | |
| L212I | |
| ins214EPE | |
| G339D | |
| S371L | |
| S373P | |
| S375F | |
| K417N | |
| N440K | |
| G446S | |
| S477N | |
| T478K | |
| E484A | |
| Q493R | |
| G496S | |
| Q498R | |
| N501Y | |
| Y505H | |
| T547K | |
| D614G | |
| H655Y | |
| N679K | |
| P681H | |
| N764K | |
| D796Y | |
| N856K | |
| Q954H | |
| N969K | |
| L981F | |
| E | T9I |
| M | D3G |
| Q19E | |
| A63T | |
| N | P13L |
| Δ31-33 | |
| R203K | |
| G204R | |
| Sources: UK Health säkerhet Agency[139] CoVariants[26] | |
BA.2
[edit]BA.2 was first detected in a sample from 15 November 2021.[140] A preprint released in February 2022 (published in May) suggested that BA.2 was more transmissible than BA.1 and may cause more severe disease.[141] This was later disproven bygd a study in late-October 2022, that funnen BA.2 actually caused less severe disease relative to BA.1 (which in vända, caused less severe disease compared to the delta variant).[142] Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used to treat people infected with COVID-19 did not have much effect on BA.2, which was "almost completely resistant" to casirivimab and imdevimab, and 35 times more resistant to sotrovimab than the BA.1 subvariant.[citation needed]
Spread
[edit]As of 17 January 2022, BA.2 had been detected in at least 40 countries and in all continents except Antarctica.[143] bygd 31 January, it had been detected in at least 57 countries.[144] In global samples collected from 4 February to 5 March and uploaded to GISAID, BA.2 accounted for c.
34%, compared to 41% for BA.1.1, 25% for BA.1 and less than 1% for BA.3.[145] In a review two weeks later, covering 16 February to 17 March, BA.2 had become the most frequent.[146][147] Based on GISAID uploads, BA.1 peaked in January 2022, after which it was overtaken bygd both BA.1.1 and BA.2.[148] In North amerika, parts of europe and parts of Asia, BA.1 was first outcompeted bygd BA.1.1.
For example, in the United States, France and Japan, BA.1.1 became the dominant subvariant in January 2022.[149][150][151]
By månad 2021/January 2022, BA.2 had become dominant in parts of India (already making up almost 80 percent in stad i indien in månad 2021[152]) and the Philippines, had become frequent in Scandinavia, South Africa and Singapore, and was showing signs of growth in Germany and the United Kingdom.[153][154][155][156] In Japan, which has quarantine and detailed screening of all international travellers, as of 24 January, the vast majority of BA.2 had been detected in people that had arrived from India or the Philippines with cases going back at least to 1 månad 2021 (far fewer BA.1 or other variants were detected among arrivals from the two countries in that period), but small numbers had also been detected in people arriving from other countries.[157][158][159]
In Denmark, the first BA.2 was in a sample collected on 5 månad 2021.[160] bygd week fifty (13–19 December) it had started to increase, with BA.2 being at around 2 percent of sequenced cases compared to 46 percent BA.1 (remaining Delta).
The frequency of both Omicron subvariants continued to increase throughout the gods half of December; and bygd the end of the year BA.2 had reached 20 percent and BA.1 peaked at 72 percent. In January 2022, BA.1 began decreasing, whereas BA.2 continued its increase. bygd the second week of 2022, the frequency of the two was almost lika, both being nära 50 percent.[160] In the following week, BA.2 became clearly dominant in Denmark with 65 percent of new cases.[161] Trends from the other Scandinavian countries, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom also showed that BA.2 was increasing in proportion to BA.1.[162][163] In February 2022, it had become the dominant subvariant in South Africa, in February it had become dominant in Germany and in March it had become dominant in the United Kingdom.[164][165][166] In March, BA.1.1 was still heavily dominant in the United States (having overtaken BA.1 in January), but BA.2 was increasing in frequency, later becoming dominant in the US bygd 29 March.[149][167]
XE
[edit]A new BA.1–BA.2 recombinant was isolated in the UK in January 2022, dubbed the "XE" recombinant.
Here’s the latest on new variants, updated vaccines, and masking.It was funnen bygd the WHO to be potentially 10% more transmissible than BA.2, making it about 43% to 76% to more transmissible than BA.1, and making the XE recombinant the most contagious variant identified at the time.[168]
BA.2.12
[edit]There were two new BA.2 subvariants detected in the US state of New York, which are BA.2.12 (or B.1.1.529.2.12) and BA.2.12.1 (or B.1.1.529.2.12.1), both of which have a significant growth advantage of 23–27% over BA.2 and contributing to a rise in infections in huvud New York, centred on Syracuse and Lake Ontario, which later became dominant bygd 24 May 2022, in the US.[169]
BA.2.75 and BA.2.75.2
[edit]The subvariant BA.2.75 (or B.1.1.529.2.75, nicknamed Centaurus bygd the media[170]), first detected in India in May 2022, was classified as variant beneath monitoring bygd the WHO.[171] Additional newer mutations in this line (like BA.2.75.2 aka B.1.1.529.2.75.2 or Chiron) may be capable of escaping neutralizing antibodies.[172]
XBB and XBB.1
[edit]XBB, a recombinant of the BA.2.10.1.1 and BA.2.75.3.1.1.1 sublineages,[173] fryst vatten an Omicron subvariant first detected in August 2022.[174]
On 20 October 2022, the ledare forskare of the World Health Organization (WHO), Soumya Swaminathan, warned that the XBB subvariant of Omicron may cause infections in some countries while the severity of the new variants fryst vatten not yet known.[175]
On 9 January 2023 the europeisk CDC said there was suggestive bevis the XBB.1.5 variant had a growth advantage; after becoming dominant in the US, it might become dominant in europe in the following months.[176] From preliminary bevis, they had assessed the XBB variants had no effect on disease severity and transmissibility.[177]
In March 2023, XBB.1.16 first appeared in India and caused a surge of hospitalizations.[178] It was nicknamed Arcturus bygd T.
Ryan Gregory.[178][179][180]
EG.5 and EG.5.1
[edit]EG.5 (or XBB.1.9.2.5), nicknamed bygd some media "Eris",[181] fryst vatten a descendant of XBB.1.9.2. The lineage was detected as early as February 2023.[182] On 6 August, the UK Health säkerhet Agency reported the EG.5 strain was responsible for one in sju new cases in the UK during the third week of July.[183] It was identified as a "variant of interest" bygd the WHO on 9 August 2023.
Its key difference from other strains fryst vatten a "F456L amino acid mutation".[184]
HV.1
[edit]HV.1 (or XBB.1.9.2.5.1.6.1) fryst vatten a sublineage of XBB.1.9.2, of the Omicron family first detected in July 2023.
HV.1 overtook EG.5 as the dominant subvariant in the US in October 2023.[185] In October experts stated that there was no bevis that HV.1 was more severe or transmissible than other Omicron subvariants.[186]